Throughout this period, numerous empires conquered and subsequently ruled the land. They occupied many holy sites, and the land was the center of successive conflicts between mainly Christian and Muslim groups, most commonly known as t... Read more

Israel is subsumed into the Ottoman Empire throughout this period. Meanwhile, in Europe, the Reformation, the Wars of Religion, and the subsequent Enlightenment fundamentally change the relationship between the state, individuals, and ... Read more

Following the pogroms in Russia during the early 1880’s, roughly 35,000 Jews immigrated to Ottoman-ruled historic Israel from Eastern Europe, along with a smaller group that arrived from Yemen. Many of these immigrants worked and liv... Read more